Studying the microbiome of suppressive soils against vascular wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum in cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana).

Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) is Colombia's second most exported fruit, with a market worth 37.8 million USD in 2021. Fusarium oxysporum f sp. physalis (Foph) is arguably the most devastating pathogen causing losses of up to 80%. Managing this disease is challenging due to pathogen resistance or the reduced efficacy of commercial fungicides and the production of resistant structures allowing pathogen survival in the soil for up to 30 years. Thus, new methods of control are necessary. Two cape gooseberry farms (organic vs. conventional) were detected free from Foph in Nariño. We hypothesize that the soil microbiome might have a suppressive effect against vascular wilt, caused by Foph. To test this, farm soils were propagated by adding 10% farm soil and 90% peat soil. Then, peat soil (control) and propagated soils were inoculated with Foph. A decrease of 65%-68% in disease incidence and a 70% in disease severity reduction was observed in seedlings grown in propagated soils compared to peat soil. We then used next-generation sequencing to study the soil microbiome to understand the possible mechanisms for disease suppression of propagated soils. We conclude that despite the high diversity of soil microbiomes, the relative abundance of some taxa might be a more important indicator of disease suppression than the presence of specific taxa.

Complete genome sequence of Pediococcus acidilactici A40, a bacterium with biocontrol and plant growth-promoting properties.

We report the complete genome assembly of Pediococcus acidilactici A40, a bacterium with biocontrol and plant growth-promoting properties, obtained from Colombia.

Nanosized extracellular vesicles released by Neurospora crassa hyphae.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized structures containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, released by living cells to the surrounding medium. EVs participate in diverse processes, such as intercellular communication, virulence, and disease. In pathogenic fungi, EVs carry enzymes that allow them to invade the host or undergo environmental adaptation successfully. In Neurospora crassa, a non-pathogenic filamentous fungus widely used as a model organism, the vesicle-dependent secretory mechanisms that lead to polarized growth are well studied. In contrast, biosynthesis of EVs in this fungus has been practically unexplored. In the present work, we analyzed N. crassa culture's supernatant for the presence of EVs by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and proteomic analysis. We identified spherical membranous structures, with a predominant subpopulation averaging a hydrodynamic diameter (dh) of 68 nm and a particle diameter (dp) of 38 nm. EV samples stained with osmium tetroxide vapors were better resolved than those stained with uranyl acetate. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 252 proteins, including enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolic processes, oxidative stress response, cell wall organization/remodeling, and circadian clock-regulated proteins. Some of these proteins have been previously reported in exosomes from human cells or in EVs of other fungi. In view of the results, it is suggested a putative role for EVs in cell wall biosynthesis and vegetative development in N. crassa.

Molecular Detection of Rickettsia and Other Bacteria in Ticks and Birds in an Urban Fragment of Tropical Dry Forest in Magdalena, Colombia.

Birds are important hosts in the life cycle of some species of ticks. In Colombia, there are few eco-epidemiological studies of tick-borne diseases; the existing ones have been focused on areas where unusual outbreaks have occurred. This study describes the identification of ticks collected from birds and vegetation, and the detection of bacteria in those ticks and in blood samples from birds in an urban fragment of tropical dry forest in the department of Magdalena, Colombia. Bird sampling was carried out monthly in 2021, and 367 birds, distributed among 41 species, were captured. All collected ticks were identified as Amblyomma sp. or Amblyomma dissimile. The presence of rickettsiae in ticks collected from birds was evaluated by molecular analysis of the gltA, ompA and sca1 genes. 16S rRNA meta-taxonomy was used to evaluate rickettsiae in ticks collected from vegetation and in blood samples from birds. The presence of the species "Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi" was detected in ticks from birds. Bacteria of the family Rickettsiacea was the most abundant in ticks collected from vegetation. Bacteria of the families Staphylococcaceae, Comamonadaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were prevalent in the samples of blood from birds. Rickettsia spp. was also detected in low abundance in some of the bird blood samples.

Polymerase Chain Reaction Directed to Eimeria ITS1 rDNA or a Single-Copy Orthologue Corroborates Standard Micro-oocyst Analysis of Intestinal Tissue from Chickens Infected with E. acervulina, E. maxima, or E. tenella.

The purpose of this study was to compare micro-oocyst counts of Eimeria to PCR analysis of intestinal DNA from smears of duodenum, jejunum/ileum, and cecum of chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, or Eimeria tenella oocysts. Broiler chicks were infected in triplicate with various doses of E. acervulina, E. maxima, or E. tenella oocysts and were necropsied 5-6 days later to recover duodenal, jejunal, or cecal tissue for micro-oocyst count and for DNA recovery. Micro-oocyst counts were done independently by three individuals. Micro-oocyst counts and PCR directed to ITS1 rDNA or to a single-copy orthologue (SCO 5995) displayed a linear relationship with oocyst dose for each Eimeria species. A strong correlation was found between mean micro-oocyst counts and both PCR assays for E. acervulina (r = 0.78-0.94), E. maxima (r = 0.79-0.91), and E. tenella (r = 0.85-0.96). There was good agreement between ITS1 and SCO 5995 PCR assays: E. acervulina (r = 0.92), E. maxima (r = 0.79), and E. tenella (r = 0.93). However, only ITS1 PCR analysis corroborated micro-oocyst counts of Eimeria oocyst DNA recovered from Eimeria-infected broiler chickens submitted to a poultry diagnostic laboratory. These findings suggest that ITS1 PCR or SCO PCR can validate traditional micro-oocyst counts used in quantifying Eimeria infection in chickens. Additional studies may provide a method for estimating the relative abundance of each Eimeria species in a natural infection.

Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa dirigida al gene ITS1 rDNA de Eimeria o a un ortólogo de copia única corrobora el análisis estándar de microquistes del tejido intestinal de pollos infectados con E. acervulina, E. maxima o E. tenella. El propósito de este estudio fue comparar los recuentos de micro-ooquistes de Eimeria con el análisis PCR del ADN intestinal de frotis de duodeno, yeyuno/íleon y ciego de pollos infectados con ooquistes de Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima o Eimeria tenella. Los pollos de engorde se infectaron por triplicado con varias dosis de ooquistes de E. acervulina, E. maxima o E. tenella y se les realizó la necropsia entre los cinco y seis días después para recuperar tejido duodenal, yeyunal o cecal para el recuento de micro-ooquistes y para la recuperación de ADN. Los recuentos de micro-ooquistes se realizaron de forma independiente por tres personas. Los recuentos de micro-ooquistes y la PCR dirigida al gene ITS1-rDNA o a un ortólogo de copia única (SCO 5995) mostraron una relación lineal con la dosis de ooquistes para cada especie de Eimeria. Se encontró una fuerte correlación entre el recuento medio de micro-ooquistes y ambos ensayos de PCR para E. acervulina (r = 0.78­0.94), E. maxima (r = 0.79­0.91) y E. tenella (r = 0.85­0.96). Hubo una buena concordancia entre los ensayos de PCR ITS1 y SCO 5995: E. acervulina (r = 0.92), E. maxima (r = 0.79) y E. tenella (r = 0.93). Sin embargo, solo el análisis ITS1 PCR corroboró los recuentos de micro-ooquistes de ADN de ooquistes de Eimeria recuperados de pollos de engorde infectados con Eimeria enviados a un laboratorio de diagnóstico avícola. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los métodos de ITS1 PCR o SCO PCR pueden validar los recuentos tradicionales de micro-ooquistes utilizados para cuantificar la infección por Eimeria en pollos. Estudios adicionales pueden proporcionar un método para estimar la abundancia relativa de cada especie de Eimeria en una infección natural.

Revisión de la pertinencia de la educación universitaria en terapia física y deportiva en México / Review of the relevance of University Education in phiscial therapy and sports in Mexico

Resumen Enríquez Reyna, M.C. y Carranza Bautista, D. (2021). Revisión de la pertinencia de la educación universitaria en Terapia Física y Deportiva en México. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-14. En México existe una gran cantidad de personas que sufren de discapacidad y lesiones que no son tratadas adecuadamente ni se les da el seguimiento a falta de difusión de programas, proyectos y alternativas de atención que contribuyan a la continuidad del tratamiento y proceso de recuperación a través de la rehabilitación física. La formación universitaria específica en el área de la terapia física y deportiva está encaminada para mejorar los procesos de recuperación física funcional a través del apoyo hacia la adherencia a la práctica deportiva recreativa o competitiva. Se presenta una revisión narrativa sobre la pertinencia de la educación universitaria en terapia física y deportiva en México, con énfasis en el campo laboral y el enfoque socioeconómico. Se analizan de forma crítica reportes sobre tres constructos: pertinencia social, oferta educativa y pertinencia socioeconómica. Se identifica una oferta educativa insuficiente, con un campo laboral muy amplio, que incluye desde la afiliación a instituciones de salud hasta el emprendimiento de labores independientes lo que incide en bajas tasas de desempleo reportadas en los egresados. El salario mensual de los profesionistas de la fisioterapia resulta ser superior al promedio nacional. Dadas las condiciones nacionales al respecto de la formación profesional, la educación universitaria en terapia física y deportiva representa un área de oportunidad para las instituciones educativas del país y una opción redituable para los interesados en incursionar en este tipo de ámbitos.

Abstract Enríquez Reyna, M.C. & Carranza Bautista, D. (2021). Review of the relevance of university education in Physical Therapy and Sports in Mexico. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-14. In Mexico a great number of people's disabilities and injuries are inadequately treated or followed up on due to the lack of dissemination of programs, projects, and patient care alternatives to continue treatment and recovery through physical rehabilitation. Physical and sports therapy university programs are aimed at improving functional physical recovery processes by supporting adherence to recreational or competitive sports practices. This paper presents a narrative review of the relevance of university education in physical and sports therapy in Mexico with an emphasis on the career field and the socioeconomic approach. Reports on three constructs (social relevance, educational offer, and socioeconomic relevance) are critically analyzed. An insufficient educational offer is identified, as well as a very wide career field ranging from health institutions to independent jobs, resulting in low unemployment rates reported in graduates. The monthly salary of physiotherapy professionals is higher than the national average. Given the national conditions regarding professional training, university education in physical and sports therapy represents an opportunity for educational institutions in the country and a profitable option for those interested in venturing in this field.

Resumo Enríquez Reyna, M.C. e Carranza Bautista, D. (2021). Revisão da relevância da educação universitária na Terapia Física e Esportiva no México. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-14. No México há um grande número de pessoas que sofrem de deficiências e lesões que não são tratadas ou acompanhadas adequadamente devido à ausência de divulgação de programas, projetos e cuidados alternativos que contribuem para a continuidade do tratamento e processo de recuperação por meio da reabilitação física. A formação universitária específica na área de terapia física e esportiva tem como objetivo melhorar os processos de recuperação física funcional por meio do apoio à adesão à prática esportiva recreativa ou competitiva. É apresentada uma revisão narrativa sobre a relevância da educação universitária na terapia física e esportiva no México, com ênfase no campo do trabalho e na abordagem socioeconômica. São analisados criticamente os relatos sobre três construções: relevância social, oferta educacional e relevância socioeconômica. Identifica-se uma oferta educacional insuficiente, com um campo de trabalho muito amplo, que inclui desde a filiação a instituições de saúde até a realização de trabalhos independentes, o que afeta as baixas taxas de desemprego relatadas nos graduados. O salário mensal dos profissionais de fisioterapia acaba sendo maior do que a média nacional. Dadas as condições nacionais relativas à formação profissional, a formação universitária em terapia física e esportiva representa uma área de oportunidade para as instituições de ensino do país e uma opção rentável para os interessados em explorar esses campos.

Comprehensive Time-Series Analysis of the Gene Expression Profile in a Susceptible Cultivar of Tree Tomato (Solanum betaceum) During the Infection of Phytophthora betacei.

Solanum betaceum is a tree from the Andean region bearing edible fruits, considered an exotic export. Although there has been renewed interest in its commercialization, sustainability, and disease management have been limiting factors. Phytophthora betacei is a recently described species that causes late blight in S. betaceum. There is no general study of the response of S. betaceum, particularly, in the changes in expression of pathogenesis-related genes. In this manuscript we present a comprehensive RNA-seq time-series study of the plant response to the infection of P. betacei. Following six time points of infection, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the defense by the plant were contextualized in a sequential manner. We documented 5,628 DEGs across all time-points. From 6 to 24 h post-inoculation, we highlighted DEGs involved in the recognition of the pathogen by the likely activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) genes. We also describe the possible effect of the pathogen effectors in the host during the effector-triggered response. Finally, we reveal genes related to the susceptible outcome of the interaction caused by the onset of necrotrophy and the sharp transcriptional changes as a response to the pathogen. This is the first report of the transcriptome of the tree tomato in response to the newly described pathogen P. betacei.

Hybrid Pipeline Hardware Architecture Based on Error Detection and Correction for AES.

Currently, cryptographic algorithms are widely applied to communications systems to guarantee data security. For instance, in an emerging automotive environment where connectivity is a core part of autonomous and connected cars, it is essential to guarantee secure communications both inside and outside the vehicle. The AES algorithm has been widely applied to protect communications in onboard networks and outside the vehicle. Hardware implementations use techniques such as iterative, parallel, unrolled, and pipeline architectures. Nevertheless, the use of AES does not guarantee secure communication, because previous works have proved that implementations of secret key cryptosystems, such as AES, in hardware are sensitive to differential fault analysis. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that even a single fault during encryption or decryption could cause a large number of errors in encrypted or decrypted data. Although techniques such as iterative and parallel architectures have been explored for fault detection to protect AES encryption and decryption, it is necessary to explore other techniques such as pipelining. Furthermore, balancing a high throughput, reducing low power consumption, and using fewer hardware resources in the pipeline design are great challenges, and they are more difficult when considering fault detection and correction. In this research, we propose a novel hybrid pipeline hardware architecture focusing on error and fault detection for the AES cryptographic algorithm. The architecture is hybrid because it combines hardware and time redundancy through a pipeline structure, analyzing and balancing the critical path and distributing the processing elements within each stage. The main contribution is to present a pipeline structure for ciphering five times on the same data blocks, implementing a voting module to verify when an error occurs or when output has correct cipher data, optimizing the process, and using a decision tree to reduce the complexity of all combinations required for evaluating. The architecture is analyzed and implemented on several FPGA technologies, and it reports a throughput of 0.479 Gbps and an efficiency of 0.336 Mbps/LUT when a Virtex-7 is used.

Solid-state fermentation increases secretome complexity in Aspergillus brasiliensis.

Aspergillus is used for the industrial production of enzymes and organic acids, mainly by submerged fermentation (SmF). However, solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers several advantages over SmF. Although differences related to lower catabolite repression and substrate inhibition, as well as higher extracellular enzyme production in SSF compared to SmF have been shown, the mechanisms undelaying such differences are still unknown. To explain some differences among SSF and SmF, the secretome of Aspergillus brasiliensis obtained from cultures in a homogeneous physiological state with high glucose concentrations was analyzed. Of the regulated proteins produced by SmF, 74% were downregulated by increasing the glucose concentration, whereas all those produced by SSF were upregulated. The most abundant and upregulated protein found in SSF was the transaldolase, which could perform a moonlighting function in fungal adhesion to the solid support. This study evidenced that SSF: (i) improves the kinetic parameters in relation to SmF, (ii) prevents the catabolite repression, (iii) increases the branching level of hyphae and oxidative metabolism, as well as the concentration and diversity of secreted proteins, and (iv) favors the secretion of typically intracellular proteins that could be involved in fungal adhesion. All these differences can be related to the fact that molds are more specialized to growth in solid materials because they mimic their natural habitat.

Preparation and Photophysical Properties of Bis(tridentate) Iridium(III) Emitters: Pincer Coordination of 2,6-Di(2-pyridyl)phenyl.

The way to prepare molecular emitters [5t + 4t'] of iridium(III) with a 5t ligand derived from the abstraction of the hydrogen atom at position 2 of the aryl group of 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene (dpybH) is shown. In addition, the photophysical properties of the new emitters are compared with those of their counterparts resulting from the deprotonation of 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)-4,6-dimethylbenzene (dpyMebH), at the same position, which are also synthesized. Treatment of 0.5 equiv of the dimer [Ir(µ-Cl)(η2-COE)2]2 (COE = cyclooctene) with 1.0 equiv of Hg(dpyb)Cl leads to the iridium(III) derivative IrCl2{κ3-N,C,N-(dpyb)}(η2-COE) (3), which reacts with 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-phenylpyridine (HNImpyC6H5) and 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-6-phenylpyridine (HNBzimpyC6H5) in the presence of Na2CO3 to give Ir{κ3-C,N,N-(NImpyC6H4)}{κ3-N,C,N-(dpyb)} (4) and Ir{κ3-C,N,N-(NBzimpyC6H4)}{κ3-N,C,N-(dpyb)} (5), respectively. Similar reactions of the Williams's dimer [IrCl(µ-Cl){κ3-N,C,N-(dpyMeb)}]2 with HNImpyC6H5 and HNBzimpyC6H5 in the presence of Na2CO3 afford the dimethylated counterparts Ir{κ3-C,N,N-(NImpyC6H4)}{κ3-N,C,N-(dpyMeb)} (6) and Ir{κ3-C,N,N-(NBzimpyC6H4)}{κ3-N,C,N-(dpyMeb)} (7), whereas 2-(6-phenylpyridine-2-yl)-1H-indole (HIndpyC6H5) initially gives IrH{κ2-N,N-(IndpyC6H5)}{κ3-N,C,N-(dpyMeb)} (8) and subsequently Ir{κ3-C,N,N-(IndpyC6H4)}{κ3-N,C,N-(dpyMeb)} (9). Complexes 4-7 are phosphorescent green emitters (λem 490-550 nm), whereas 9 is greenish yellow emissive (λem 547-624 nm). They display lifetimes in the range 0.5-9.7 µs and quantum yields in both doped poly(methyl)methacrylate films and in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at room temperature depending upon the ligands: 0.5-0.7 for 6 and 7, about 0.4 for 4 and 5, and 0.3-0.2 for 9.

Coronary artery aneurysms, insights from the international coronary artery aneurysm registry (CAAR).

BACKGROUND: Coronary Aneurysms are a focal dilatation of an artery segment >1.5-fold the normal size of adjacent segments. Although some series have suggested a prevalence of 0.3-12%, data are lacking. In addition, they are not mentioned in practice guidelines. Our aim was investigate its prevalence, management and long-term outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The coronary artery aneurysm registry (CAAR) involved 32 hospitals across 9 countries in America and Europe. We reviewed 436,467 consecutive angiograms performed over the period 2004-2016. Finally, 1565 patients were recruited. Aneurysm global prevalence was 0.35%. Most patients were male (78.5%) with a mean age of 65 years and frequent cardiovascular risk factors. The main indication for angiogram was an acute coronary syndrome, 966 cases. The number of aneurisms was ≤2 per patient in 95.8% of the cases, mostly saccular, most frequently found in the left anterior descending and with numbers proportional with coronary stenosis. Aortopathies were related with more aneurysms too. Most patients received any revascularization procedure (69%), commonly percutaneous (53%). After a median follow-up of 37.2 months, 485 suffered a combined event (MACE) and 240 died. Without major differences comparing CABG vs PCI, MACE and death were more frequent in patients who received bare metal stents. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery aneurysms are not uncommon. Usually, they are associated with coronary stenosis and high cardiovascular risk. Antiplatelet therapy seems reasonable and a percutaneous approach is safe and effective.

Coronary aneurysms in the acute patient: Incidence, characterization and long-term management results.

BACKGROUND: Coronary aneurysms (1.5 times dilation the reference-vessel) are uncommon and have been diagnosed with increasing frequency with coronary angiography. The incidence varies from 1.5% to 5%. Reported complications are multiple: thrombosis, distal embolization, rupture and vasospasm, causing ischemia, heart failure or arrhythmias. However, the natural history and prognosis remains obscure. We aimed to describe the characteristics of acute patients with coronary aneurysms. METHODS: Prospective coronariography registry of patients with the diagnosis of coronary aneurysm between 2002 and 2013. Among 51,555 consecutive coronary angiograms, 414 patients with aneurysms were reported, of which 256 were considered acute (82% NSTE-ACS). RESULTS: Predominantly male (80%, mean age 65.5years), cardiovascular risk factors were common (hypertension 65%, dyslipidemia 65%, obesity 25%, diabetes mellitus 28.5%, and smokers 67%). With frequent coronary stenoses (94%), mostly with one aneurysm (80%), it was observed more frequently in the anterior descending artery. After a median follow-up of 52months, 53 died (14 cardiac causes) and 42% presented a cardiovascular event. Complications from the aneurysm were found in 4. The duration of dual antiplatelet therapy, LVEF, age and peripheral vascular disease highlighted in the multivariate analysis of death. CONCLUSION: The presence of coronary aneurysms in patients undergoing coronary angiography with an acute event is low. Patients who present them also have a large burden of atherosclerotic risk factors. In the long-term, the probability of cardiovascular complications is high, but only a small proportion are due to the aneurysm itself. A more intense and prolonged antithrombotic treatment may result in lower mortality rates.

η1 -Arene Complexes as Intermediates in the Preparation of Molecular Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes.

Molecular phosphorescent heteroleptic bis-tridentate iridium(III) emitters have been prepared via η1 -arene intermediates. In the presence of 4.0 mol of AgOTf, the complex [(IrCl{κ3 -N,C,N-(pyC6 HMe2 py)})(µ-Cl)]2 (1; pyC6 H2 Me2 py=1,3-di(2-pyridyl)-4,6-dimethylbenzene) reacted with 9-(6-phenylpyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (PhpyCzH) and 2-phenoxy-6-phenylpyridine (PhpyOPh) to give [Ir{κ3 -N,C,N-(pyC6 HMe2 py)}{κ3 -C,N,C'-(C6 H4 pyCzH)}]OTf (2) and [Ir{κ3 -N,C,N-(pyC6 HMe2 py)}{κ3 -C,N,C'-(C6 H4 pyOPh)}]OTf (3). The X-ray diffraction structures of 2 and 3 reveal that the carbazolyl and phenoxy substituents of the C,N,C' ligand coordinate to the metal center to form an η1 -arene π bond. Treatment of 2 and 3 with KOtBu led to the deprotonation of the coordinated carbon atom of the η1 -arene group to afford the molecular phosphorescent [5t+4t'] heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes [Ir{κ3 -N,C,N-(pyC6 HMe2 py)}{κ3 -C,N,C'-(C6 H4 pyCz)}] (4) and [Ir{κ3 -N,C,N-(pyC6 HMe2 py)}{κ3 -C,N,C'-(C6 H4 pyOC6 H4 )}] (5). These complexes are green emitters that display short lifetimes and high quantum yields of 0.73 (4) and 0.87 (5) in the solid state.

Impact of Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion on Recurrence of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Ischemic Secondary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Recipients (VACTO Secondary Study): Insights From Coronary Angiogram and Electrogram Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the incidence and clinical effect of coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy receiving an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD). BACKGROUND: CTOs are common in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, which is the major cause of SCD. However, the impact of CTO in SCD survivors receiving an ICD is unknown. METHODS: A total of 425 patients who had survived an episode of ventricular arrhythmias and underwent ICD implantation for secondary prevention in 8 centers were included. Coronary angiogram, CTO angiographic characteristics, and ventricular arrhythmia pattern were centrally analyzed. Primary and secondary endpoints were appropriate ICD therapies and mortality during a median follow-up of 4.1 years, according to the presence of CTO in the baseline angiogram. RESULTS: Appropriate ICD therapies were higher in patients with CTO (51.7% vs. 36.3%; p = 0.001 at 4 years). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p = 0.015) and CTO (p = 0.001) were independent predictors of appropriate ICD therapy. Ventricular arrhythmia onset was associated to a shorter coupling interval and lower prematurity index in CTO patients. Defibrillator therapies were independently associated with worse LVEF (p = 0.046) and renal dysfunction (p = 0.023) among patients with CTO, and a tendency was observed in patients with better collateral flow (p = 0.093). Patients with poorer renal function (p = 0.029), LVEF (p = 0.041), and CTO (p = 0.033) experienced higher mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Among ICD recipients for secondary prevention of SCD, coronary CTO conferred a higher risk of VA recurrence and mortality in long-term follow-up. Angiographic and VA patterns could provide insights into the mechanisms of SCD and may have implications for the use of interventions designed to limit ICD shocks in this high-risk population.

Secretomic Insight into Glucose Metabolism of Aspergillus brasiliensis in Solid-State Fermentation.

The genus Aspergillus is ubiquitous in nature and includes various species extensively exploited industrially due to their ability to produce and secrete a variety of enzymes and metabolites. Most processes are performed in submerged fermentation (SmF); however, solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers several advantages, including lower catabolite repression and substrate inhibition and higher productivity and stability of the enzymes produced. This study aimed to explain the improved metabolic behavior of A. brasiliensis ATCC9642 in SSF at high glucose concentrations through a proteomic approach. Online respirometric analysis provided reproducible samples for secretomic studies when the maximum CO2 production rate occurred, ensuring consistent physiological states. Extracellular extracts from SSF cultures were treated by SDS-PAGE, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Of 531 sequences identified, 207 proteins were analyzed. Twenty-five were identified as the most abundant unregulated proteins; 87 were found to be up-regulated and 95 were down-regulated with increasing glucose concentration. Of the regulated proteins, 120 were enzymes, most involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates (51), amino acids (23), and nucleotides (9). This study shows the high protein secretory activity of A. brasiliensis under SSF conditions. High glucose concentration favors catabolic activities, while some stress-related proteins and those involved in proteolysis are down-regulated.

Resultados a largo plazo de la revalvuloplastia mitral percutánea: ¿es todavía una opción real? / Long-term results of repeat percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty: is it still a viable option?

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Incidence, Management, and Immediate- and Long-Term Outcomes After Iatrogenic Aortic Dissection During Diagnostic or Interventional Coronary Procedures.

BACKGROUND: Aortic dissection type A is a disease with high mortality. Iatrogenic aortic dissection after interventional procedures is infrequent, and prognostic data are scarce. Our objective was to analyze its incidence, patient profile, and long-term prognosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2014, we retrospectively analyzed 74 patients with dissection of the ascending aorta. Clinical and procedural data were reviewed, and later, we performed a prospective clinical follow-up by telephone or in the office. The incidence of aortic dissection was 0.06%. Our patients, predominantly male (67.6%), had a mean age of 66.9±10.8 years. With multiple cardiovascular risk factors, the main reason for cardiac catheterization was an acute coronary syndrome (n=54). The complication was detected acutely in all, trying to engage the right coronary artery in 47 and the left main artery in 30 and after other maneuvers in 2, mostly complex therapeutic procedures (78.4%). A coronary artery was involved in 45 patients (60.8%). Thirty-five patients underwent an angioplasty and stent implantation; 3 had cardiac surgery; and 36 were managed conservatively. Two patients died of cardiogenic shock after the dissection. After a median follow-up of 51.2 months (range, 16.4-104.8 months), none of the remaining patients developed complications as a result of the dissection, progression, ischemia, pain, or dissection recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Iatrogenic catheter dissection of the aorta is a rare complication that carries an excellent short- and long-term prognosis with the adoption of a conservative approach. When a coronary artery is involved as an entry point, it usually can be safely sealed with a stent with good long-term outcomes.

Disección iatrogénica de aorta por catéter tipo A, sin afectar a la coronaria: estudio pronóstico a largo plazo / Type a iatrogenic aortic dissection following catheterization without coronary involvement: long-term prognosis

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